GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES สำหรับการทำข้อสอบ Toeic

            ในข้อสอบ New TOEIC ส่วนของ Gerunds (รูป – ing) และ Infinitives (รูป to + verb) หรือรูปกริยา Simple forms อื่นๆ มีความสำคัญมากที่จะต้องจดจำในการเลือกคำตอบที่ถูกต้องที่สุดว่าข้อใดมีความสมบูรณ์ของการใช้ประโยคนั้นๆ

1.     Gerunds คือรูปของกริยาที่เพิ่มเติม –ing สำหรับ Gerunds นั้นใช้ทำหน้าที่เป็นนาม อาจจะเป็นประธานของกริยา เป็นกรรม หรือเป็นกรรมของบุพบท ตัวอย่างเช่น

- Training is necessary for this operation (เป็นประธานของประโยค)

- They enjoyed working with you. (เป็นกรรมของกริยา)

- We are afraid of losing the deal. (เป็นกรรมของบุพบท)

อย่างไรก็ตาม Gerunds อาจตามหลังนาม + บุพบท เช่น

                - He has no excuse for being late.

                - They have reason for canceling the contract.

นอกจากนั้นแล้ว Gerunds อาจตามหลังคุณศัพท์ + บุพบท เช่น

                - David is responsible for hiring.

                - You are accustomed to working late.

Gerunds ใช้ตามหลังกริยาบางคำ ดังตัวอย่างในตาราง

admit               deny               postpone              resume advise              discuss           practice                risk anticipate         enjoy             recall                    suggest avoid                finish            recommend           tolerate consider           keep              regret                    try delay                miss              resist                     understand

ตัวอย่างเช่น          - Employees regret losing this opportunity.

                                - He finished typing the contract.

Gerunds ใช้ตามหลังกริยาบางคำ + บุพบท ดังตัวอย่างในตาราง

approve of               succeed in               object to       give up                    confess to                worry about       rely on                     keep on                   depend on       call for                    think about               put off       insist on                  count on                   prevent from

ตัวอย่างเช่น          - They succeeded in getting the project.

                                - We look forward to working with you.

อย่างไรก็ตามพบว่า ยังมีกริยาบางคำที่ตามด้วยทั้ง Gerunds หรือ Infinitives (to + verb) แต่จะไม่นำมาออกสอบในข้อสอบ TU-GET ส่วนนี้ ตัวอย่างเช่น

                                - She likes to work early in the morning.

                                - She likes working early in the moring.

                2. Infinitives คือรูปของกริยาที่มี to นำหน้า สำหรับ Infinitives ในประโยคจะทำหน้าที่เป็นนามคุณศัพท์หรือกริยาวิเศษณ์ก็ได้ ตัวอย่างเช่น

                                - To budget is not always easy. (หน้าที่เป็นนาม)

                                - She never has time to spare. (หน้าที่เป็นคุณศัพท์)

                                - Thomas wants to finish the budget. (หน้าที่เป็นกริยาวิเศษณ์)

Infinitives ใช้ตามหลังกริยาบางคำ ดังตัวอย่างในตาราง

agree               decide               hope                prepare      wait                appear               demand            intend      pretend           want                  arrange            deserve      learn               promise            wish                 ask      desire             manage             refuse              attempt      expect            mean                 regret              care      fail                 need                  seem                claim      forget            offer                  tend                  hire      order              try

ตัวอย่างเช่น

                                - We refuse to accept defeat.

                                - James offered to give the student a summer job.

นอกนั้นแล้วยังมีกริยาบางคำที่ตามด้วยนาม หรือสรรพนาม + Infinitives ดังตัวอย่างในตาราง

advise               convince               hire               order      teach                 allow                     challenge      instruct      permit               tell                         ask                encourage      invite                remind                   want             cause      expect               need                       require         warn

ตัวอย่างเช่น

                                - Ask the man to send the memory. (ตามด้วยนามและ Infinitive)

                                - I remind her to be on time. (ตามด้วยสรรพนาม และ Infinitive)

อย่างไรก็ตามยังมีคำคุณศัพท์บางคำที่ตามด้วย Infinitives ดังตัวอย่างในตาราง

anxious                difficult                hard               ready      boring                   easy                     pleased          strange      dangerous             good                    prepared        usual

ตัวอย่างเช่น

                                - They were pleased to hear the news.

                                - It is easy to forget.

By: Admin On 05:58

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Vocabulary ที่พบในข้อสอบ Toeic(6)

 คำศัพย์ที่ใช้ในการสอบ Toeic

1. access n., the ability or right to enter or use; V., to obtain; to entry
  a. You can't gain access to the files unless you know the password.
  b. We accessed the information on the company's web site.

2. allocate V., to designate for a specific purpose
  a. The office manager did not allocate enough money to purchase software.
  b. The software architect did not allocate enough memory for the sound card to work in your computer.

3. compatible adj., able to function together
  a. This operation system is not compatible with this model computer.
  b. Users of software applications want new versions to be compatible with current versions.

4. delete V., to remove; to erase
  a. The technicians deleted all the data on the disk accidentally.
  b. This button on the keyboard deletes the characters from the screen.

5. display n., what is visible on a monitor;V., to show
  a. The light on the LCD display is too weak.
  b. The accounting program displays current balance when opened.

6. duplicate V., to produce something equal; to make identical
  a. I think the new word processing program will duplicate the success of the one introduced last year.
  b. Before you leave, please duplicate that file by making a copy on the CD-ROM.

7. failure n., an unsuccessful work or effort
  a. Your failure to inform us about the changed password cost the company a day's work.
  b. The repeated failure of her printer baffled the technician.

8. figure out V., to understand; to solve
  a. By examining all of the error, the technicians figured out how to fix the problem.
  b. We figured out that it would take us at least ten us at least ten minutes to download the file.

9. ignore V., not to notice; to disregard
  a. When the director is working at the computer, she ignores everything around her.
  b. Don't ignore the technician's advice when connecting cables.

10. search n., investigation ; V., to look for
  a. Our search of the database produced very little information.
  b. The computer searched for all name that began with W.

11. Shut down V., to turn off; to cease operations
  a. Please shut down the computer before you leave.
  b. We always shut down the air conditioning system on the weekend.

12. warning n., an alert to danger or problems
  a. The red flashing light gives a warning to users that the battery is low.
  b. Flashing images on a web page are warning to attract users' attention.

By: Admin On 06:10

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Vocabulary ที่พบในข้อสอบ Toeic(5)

คำศัพย์ที่ใช้ในการสอบ Toeic

1. accommodate V., to fit; to provide with something needed
  a. The meeting room was large enough to accommodate the various needs of the groups using it.
  b. Because the deadline for reserving rooms was past, the hotel manager could not accommodate our need for more rooms.

2. arrangement n., the plan or organization
  a. The travel arrangements were taken care of by Sara, Mr. Billings's capable assistant.
  b. The arrangement of speakers was alphabetical to avoid any hurt feelings.

3. association n., an organization of persons or groups having a common interest; a relationship or society
  a. Membership in a trade or professional association provides business contracts and mutual support.
  b. Local telephone companies formed an association to serve common goals, meet their common needs, and improve efficiency.

4.attend V., to go to; to pay attention to
  a. We expect more than 100 members to attend the annual meeting.
  b. The hotel manager attended to all our needs promptly.

5. get in touch V.,to make contact with
  a. As soon as we arrive at the hotel, we will get in touch with manager about the unexpected guests.
  b. The registration desk is a good central location for people to get in touch with each other.

6. hold V., to accommodate; to conduct
  a. This meeting room holds at least 80 people comfortable.
  b. She holds an annual seminar that is very popular.

7. location n., a position or site
  a. The location of the meeting was changed from the Red Room to the Green Room.
  b. Disney World was the perfect location for the annual meeting since many members could bring their families.

8. overcrowded adj., too crowded
  a. As soon as the guests entered the dining room for dinner, Sue Lin could see that the room would become overcrowded.
  b. To avoid being overcrowded, we limited the number of guests that member could bring.

9. register n., a record; V., record
  a. According to the register, more than 250 people attended the afternoon seminar.
  b. Hotels ask all guests to register and give a home address.

10. select V., to choose from a group; adj., specially chosen
  a. The conference participant selected the marketing seminar from the various offerings.
  b. The winners were a select group.

11. session n., a meeting
  a. The morning sessions tend to fill up first, so sign up early.
  b. Due to the popularity of this course, we will offer two sessions.

12. take part in V., to join or participate
  a. The format for the session is very informal, which makes it easier for people to take part in the discussion.
  b. We could not get enough people to take part in the meeting, so we canceled it.

By: Admin On 07:55

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Vocabulary ที่พบในข้อสอบ Toeic(4)

คำศัพย์ที่ใช้ในการสอบ Toeic

1. address n., a formal speech; V., to direct to the attention of
  a. The article praised her address to the steering committee.
  b. Marco's business plan addresses to needs of small business owners.

2. avoid V., to stay clear of; to keep from happening
  a. To avoid going out of business, owners should prepare a proper business plan.
  b. Lloyd's errors in accounting could have been avoided by a business consultation with his banker.

3. demonstrate V., to show clearly and deliberately; to present by example
  a. Alban's business plan demonstrated that he had put a lot of thought into making his dream a reality.
  b. The professor demonstrated through a case study that a business plan can impress a lender.

4. develop V., to expand, progress, or improve
  a. Lily developed her ideas into a business plan by taking a class at the community college.
  b. The restaurant Wanda opened ten years ago has developed into a national chain.

5. evaluate V., to determine the value or impact of
  a. It's important to evaluate your competition when making a business plan.
  b. The leaders evaluate our credit ability and decided to loan us money.

6. gather V., to accumulate; to conclude
  a. We gathered information for our plan from many sources.
  b. I gather that interest rates for small businesses will soon change.

7. offer n., a proposal; V., to propose; to present in order to meet a need or satisfy a requirement
  a. Devon accepted our offer to write the business plan.
  b. Jackie must offer her banker new statistics in order to encourage the bank to lend her money toward her start-up business.

8. primarily adv., first; most importantly
  a. We are primarily concerned with convincing the board of directors to apply for the second loan.
  b. The developers are thinking primarily of how to enter the south American market.

9. risk n., the chance of loss or damage
  a. The primary risk for most start-up businesses is insufficient capital.
  b. Expanding into a new market is a big risk.

10. strategy n., a plan of action
  a. A business plan is strategy for running a business and avoiding problems.
  b. Let's develop a strategy for promoting our ice-cream parlor.

11. strong adj., powerful; economically or financially sound
  a. The professor made a strong argument for the value of a good business plan.
  b. Even in a strong economic climate many businesses fail, so do your planning carefully.

12. substitution n., replacement
  a. Your substitution of fake names for real ones makes the document seem insincere.
  b. There is on substitution for hard work and perseverance.

By: Admin On 09:46

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Vocabulary ที่พบในข้อสอบ Toeic(3)

คำศัพย์ที่ใช้ในการสอบ Toeic

1. characteristic adj., revealing of individual traits; n., an individual trait
  a. The cooking pot has features characteristic of the brand, such as "heat-resistant" handles.
  b. One characteristic of the store is that it is slow in mailing refund checks.

2. consequence n., that which follows necessarily
  a. The consequence of not following the service instruction for your car is that the warranty is invalidated.
  b. As a consequence of not having seen a dentist for several years, Lydia had several cavities.

3.consider V., to think about carefully
  a. The customer considered buying the DVD player until he learned that the warranty coverage was very limited.
  b. After considering all the option, Della decided to buy a use car.

4. cover V., to provide protection against
  a. Will my medical insurance cover this surgery?
  b. Her car insurance provide for complete coverage against collision.

5. expiration n., the end
  a. Have you checked the expiration date on this yogurt?
  b. We can expect that the expiration of our Japan contract will impact sales next year.

6. frequently adv., occurring commonly; widespread
  a. Appliances frequently come with a one-year warranty.
  b. Warranties for this kind of appliance are frequently limited in their coverage.


7. imply V., to indicate by inference
  a. The guarantee on the iPod implied that all damages were covered under warranty for one year.
  b. The travel agent implied that our hotel was not in the safest part of the city, but when pressed for details , he said the location was fine.

8. promise n., a pledge, a commitment; V., to pledge to do, bring about, or provide
  a. A warranty is a promise the manufacturer make to the consumer.
  b. The sales associate promised that our new mattress would arrived by noon on Saturday.

9. protect V., to guard
  a. Consumer laws are designed to protect the public against unscrupulous vendors.
  b. You can protect yourself from scams by getting detailed information on the seller.

10. reputation n., the overall quality of character
  a. Even though the salesperson showed me a product I had never heard of, I brought it because of the good reputation of the manufacturer.
  b. The company knew that the reputation of its products was the most important asset it had.

11. require V., deem necessary or essential
  a. A car warranty may require the owner to have it serviced by a certified mechanic.
  b.The law requires that each item clearly display the warranty information.

12. variety n., many different kinds
  a. There's a variety of standard terms that you'll find in warranties.
  b. A variety of unexpected problems appeared after the product had been on the market for about six months.

By: Admin On 05:38

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Vocabulary ที่พบในข้อสอบ Toeic(2)

คำศัพย์ที่ใช้ในการสอบ Toeic

1. attract V., to draw by appeal
  a. The display attract a number of people at the convention.
  b. The new advertising attracts the wrong kind of customer into the store.

2. compare V., to examine similarities and differences
  a. Once the customer compared the two products, her choice was easy.
  b. The price for this brand is high compared to the other brands on the market.

3. competition n., a contest or struggle
  a. In the competition for afternoon diners, Hector's has come out on top.
  b. The company has decided not to join the growing competition for dominance in the semiconductor market.

4. consume V., to absorb; to use up
  a. The business plans consumed all of Fritz's attention this fall.
  b. This printer consumes more toner than the downstairs printer.

5. convince V., to bring to believe by argument; to persuade
  a. The salesman convinced his customer to buy his entire inventory of pens.
  b. Before a business can convince customers that it provides a quality product, it must convince its marketing staff.

6. currently adv., happening at the present time; now
  a. We are currently exploring plans to update the MX3 model.
  b. Currently, customers are demanding big discounts for bulk orders.

7. fad n., a practice followed enthusiastically for a short time; a craze
  a. The mini dress was a fad once thought to be finished, but now is it making a comeback.
  b. Classic tastes may seem boring but they have proven to resist fads.

8. inspiration n., a thing or person that arouses a feeling
  a. His work is an inspiration to the marketing department.
  b. Marta's high sales in Spain were an inspiration to other European reps.

9. market V., the course of buying and selling a product; n., the demand for a product
  a. When Omar first began making his chutneys, he marketed them door-to-door to gourmet shops.
  b. The market for brightly colored clothing was brisk last year, but it's moving sluggishly this year.

10. persuasion n., the power to influence; a deep conviction or belief
  a. The seminar teaches techniques of persuasion to increase sales.
  b. Under his persuasion, she returned to school for her MBA.

11. productive adj., constructive; high yield
  a. The unproductive sales meeting brought many staff complaints.
  b. Alonzo is excited about his productive staff.

12. satisfaction n., happiness
  a. Your satisfaction is guaranteed or you'll get your money back.
  b. We will print the advertisement to your satisfaction.

By: Admin On 07:08

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Vocabulary ที่พบในข้อสอบ Toeic(1)

คำศัพย์ที่ใช้ในการสอบ Toeic

1. abide by V. , to comply with; to conform
  a. The two parties agreed to abide by the judge's decision.
  b. For years he has abided by a commitment to annual employee raises.

2. agreement n., a mutual arrangement, a contract
  a. The landlord and tenant were in agreement that the rent should be prorated to the middle of the month.
  b. According to the agreement, the caterer will also supply the flower for the event.

3. assurance n., a guarantee; confidence
  a. The sales associate gave his assurance that the missing keyboard would be replaced the next day.
  b. Her self-assurance made it easy to see why she was in charge of the negotiations.

4. cancellation n., annulment; stopping
  a. The cancellation of her flight caused her problems for the rest of the week.
  b. The cancellation clause appears at the back of the contract.

5. determine V., to find out; to influence
  a. After reading the contract, I was still unable to determine if our company was liable for back wages.
  b.The skill of the union bargainers will determine whether the automotive plant will open next week.

6. engage V., participate; involve
  a. Before engaging in a new business, it is important to do thorough research.
  b. He engaged us in a fascinating discussion about current business law.

7. establish V., to institute permanently; to bring about
  a. Thought her many books and interviews, Dr. Wan established herself as an authority on conflict resolution.
  b. The merger of the two companies established a powerful new corporation.

8. obligate V., to bind legally or morally
  a. The contractor was obligated by the contract to work 40 hours a week.
  b. I felt obligated to finish the project even though I could have exercised my option to quit.

9. party n., a person or group participating in an action or plan; the person or side concerned in legal matter
  a. The parties agreed to a settlement in their contract dispute.
  b. The party that prepares the contract has a distinct advantage.

10. provision n., a measure taken beforehand; a stipulation
  a. The father made provisions for his children though his will.
  b. The contract contains a provision to deal with how payment are made if John loses his job.

11. resolve V., to deal with successfully; to declare; n.,conviction
  a. The mediator was able to resolve the problem to everyone's satisfaction.
  b. The businessman resolved to clean out all the files by the end of the week.

12.specific adj., particular
  a. The customer's specific complaint was not addressed in his e-mail.
  b. In a contract, one specific word can change the meaning dramatically.

By: Admin On 06:37

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